Search Results

“Then the daughters of Zelophehad came forward” (Numbers 27:1). Do you know the story of Zelophehad’s daughters? The Bible depicts them as five sisters who find themselves in a perilous economic situation. Because they do not have husbands or any living male relatives, they cannot inherit their father’s land. Through a successful appeal to Moses they draw attention to the injustice and bring about a permanent change in the Israelites’ legal code. Read the story of the five sisters in Numbers 27:1-11. Then, with the help of traditional Jewish wisdom—with all its creativity and attention to detail— let’s ponder the sacred text. Perhaps you noticed that, like their ancestors (v.1), each sister is introduced by name: Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah and Tirzah. Note, too, how they plead their cause. It is before the whole assembly (v.2). They clarify that their father was not part of the Korah rebellion (v.3). They appeal on account of kinship and their father’s honour (v.4). Their choice of words is bold (‘Give to us a possession’) and not couched in self-effacing language. With prayerful and imaginative attention to this Scripture, what wisdom do you uncover in this ancient text? In Jewish storytelling traditions we find these five women held in high esteem. A famous midrashic anthology ( Yalkut Shimoni ) observes that the sisters correctly identified an injustice in its deepest sense: “When the daughters of Zelophehad heard that the Land was being divided among the tribes—but only for males, not for females —they gathered and took counsel. They decided that...flesh and blood is apt to be more merciful to males than to females. But [the One] who spoke and the world came into being is different—[divine] mercies are for males as well as females...”[1] Rashi comments: “Their eye saw that which the eye of Moses did not see.” [2] In Midrash Rabbah and in the Talmud we find the rabbis praising the five sisters for the way they approached their petition. The sisters are knowledgeable in the law (v.5 tells us that Moses brings to the Lord their ‘case’ or ‘judgment’, not just their query), and they are practical, timing their petition as Moses engages with the subject of inheritance. “They were wise and righteous women. What shows their wisdom? They spoke at the appropriate moment...” [3] Likewise, they are praised for their integrity. In case you were wondering why none of them were married at the time of the petition, the sages venture to tell us: they were uncompromising in their high standards! “They were righteous inasmuch as they married none but such as were worthy of them.” [4] Rashi adds that they “held the land precious” just as their ancestor Joseph held the land precious (see Num. 27:1; Gen. 50:25). “The daughters of Zelophehad are right in what they are saying” (Num. 27:7). Emphatic divine approval results in a legacy of land for the sisters and an altered law for Israel. As you continue to probe, question and debate this passage, ponder: How might it speak to us about the respectful and transformative interchanges that are possible between community members and their leaders in the quest for fullness of truth and a just society? 1. See Bialik & Ravnitzky, 97 (slightly adapted here for inclusive language). 2. Rashi: revered 11th century Torah scholar, France. 3. Num. R. xxi, 11. Also, Bava Batra 119b. 4. Num. R. xxi, 11. Bibliography: Bialik & Ravnitzky, eds., Sefer Ha-Aggadah (New York, 1992); Elper & Handelman, eds., Torah of the Mothers (New York, 2006); Midrash Rabbah: Numbers (New York: Soncino, 1983); Rashi: Commentary on the Torah (New York: Mesorah, 2001). Scripture: NRSV. © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Download the PDF version here . Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots ministry encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights. More... The reflection above refers to Parashat Pinchas (Numbers 25:10 - 30:1), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical calendar. Shabbat shalom !

On their way to the promised land the Israelites encounter one obstacle after another: hunger, thirst, rebellion, war. Here we explore the story of how the Israelites are threatened by a Moab king (Balak) who employs a seer (Balaam) to curse his enemy, Israel. This is a colourful story, full of intriguing questions and complete with a talking donkey! We will leave the donkey aside for now and focus on Balaam and his futile attempts to curse Israel (see chapters 23 and 24). Balak, king of Moab, engages Balaam to curse the Israelites. Yet each attempt by Balaam results in a blessing! The Jewish sages, reflecting on this text over the centuries, are fascinated by the question of the authenticity of Balaam, the seer. Was Balaam a divinely chosen prophet, or a sorcerer? Why do you think he was suspect in the sages’ eyes? To begin with, let’s compare Balaam’s oracles to the words of the Hebrew prophets. Balaam: ' Rise, Balak, and hear; listen to me, O son of Zippor...' (Numbers 23:18). Jeremiah: ' Now the word of the Lord came to me saying...' (Jeremiah 1:1). Read further into Jeremiah 1. Read too, the words below from Ezekiel and Hosea. What do you notice? 'The word of the Lord came to the priest Ezekiel...' (Ezekiel 1:3). 'The word of the Lord came to Hosea' (Hosea 1:1). Like the sages, you will note an important contrast. Whereas the Hebrew prophets consistently acknowledge divine authority ( ‘Thus says the Lord’ ), Balaam announces himself and his own powers. Says Ramban,[1] Balaam appears to run after prophecy, building seven sacrificial altars in an attempt to ‘force’ divine power from heaven, to shape the divine will for mortal purposes. By contrast, the Hebrew prophets don’t seek the job of prophet; rather they are sought out by G-d, and some, out of humility, need to be coaxed into the role. Balaam is not filled with prophecy; rather, he is full of himself. Do you agree with this appraisal? Why or why not? Despite their criticisms, the sages couldn’t ignore the fact that Balaam’s oracles work for the good of Israel. In fact, one of his phrases has found its way into contemporary Jewish prayer books: ‘How goodly are your tents O Jacob, your dwelling places O Israel' (Numbers 24:5). And how are we to interpret 24:2 (" Then the spirit of G-d came upon him” ) in Balaam’s third oracle? Rashbam holds that a development has taken place, taking note of 24:1 which tells us that at this point Balaam stopped seeking omens ‘but set his face towards the wilderness,’ a scene that suggests a new openness and humility before the Lord. Hirsch is more explicit, saying that Balaam comes to the realisation that he cannot control G-d through sorcery. His third blessing, then, takes on a whole new quality, no longer awkwardly accomplished but freely flowing on the breath of unrestrained spirit-filled prophecy. Are you convinced? Not all the sages are! Treasure the complex issues that emerge in this fascinating debate. In the light of this biblical story reflect on your faith journey and recall: A time when you attempted to ‘control’ God; A turning point when you began to trust the Lord more deeply; A time when you had to discern between a true and false ‘prophecy’/message. How does the story of Balaam speak to you? • 1. The commentators named here: Ramban (13th century), Rashbam (12th c), Hirsch (19th c), quoted in Leibowitz, 282-289. Bibliography: Eskenazi &Weiss, The Torah: A Woman’s Commentary (New York, 2008); Leibowitz, Studies in Bamidbar (New York, 1994). Scripture: NRSV. © Teresa Pirola, 2012. lightoftorah.net Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Click here for the PDF version. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots ministry encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights. More... The reflection above refers to Parashat Balak (Numbers 22:2 - 25:9), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical calendar. Shabbat shalom !

"Miriam died there, and was buried there" (Numbers 20:1). That’s it. In one brief sentence, the Bible records the death of Miriam, sister of Moses and Aaron. The brevity seems almost insulting. Even a death notice in a newspaper says more. And here we are, twenty chapters into the Book of Numbers—in the midst of the Israelites’ wilderness journey in which Miriam has been an important figure, in reach of the Promised Land having survived slavery, escape from Egypt, hunger and thirst, conflicts and rebellions—and all we have is one terse statement marking her death. Just twenty verses later, the death of Miriam’s brother, Aaron, is described at some length and with certain emotion. The whole community observes a thirty-day period of mourning for Aaron. Why not Miriam? Is she less important? Less loved? Do we simply presume a patriarchal bias in the text? Can we reconcile this brevity with the way that, elsewhere, Scripture speaks of Miriam as a chosen co-leader along with Moses and Aaron? “I redeemed you from the house of bondage, and I sent before you Moses, Aaron and Miriam” (Micah 6:4). Fascinating responses to this question can be found in Jewish tradition. Creatively attentive to the text, the Rabbis observed that Miriam’s death does not go unnoticed. Look at what happens. The moment she dies, the very next sentence reads: “The community was without water” (20:2), a fact that harshly impacts the Israelites, even erupting into an attack on Moses to which Moses responds badly, displaying none of his characteristic virtues of patience and trust in God. Why do the community and its leadership become unhinged at the moment of Miriam’s death? What is the word of G-d trying to teach us? In the Scriptures, Miriam is associated with water. At the Nile she ensures her baby brother’s survival; at the Red Sea she leads a victory dance (Exodus 2:4-8; 15:20). In rabbinic commentary the Israelites are said to have been accompanied in the wilderness by ‘Miriam’s well,’ a miraculous source of fresh water.[1] When she dies, the well disappears. Can it be that Moses and the community are grieving more than the absence of water? Has the ever-present contribution of Miriam to the wilderness journey been taken for granted until now? Reflection on Miriam’s death releases precious insights into the greater biblical narrative as well as into our own stories and contact with death. Can we ever really fathom the impact of death until a loved one is no longer with us? Again turning to Jewish tradition, we find the Talmud offering this interpretation. Miriam, like Moses, died in a most sacred, intimate way: by the divine kiss. [2] Why a kiss? A literal translation of the Hebrew text tells us that Moses died “at the mouth of the Lord” (Deut. 34:5). [3] For many people death can be a terrifying struggle as they face the finality of ‘letting go’ this world. But so attuned was Moses to divine ways that his release from this life into the Lord’s embrace was like the gentlest of kisses. And this was also true for Miriam, say the Jewish sages, enjoying a midrashic play on a repetition in the text: "So Moses the servant of the Lord died there ..." (Deut. 34:5). "Miriam died there ..." (Num. 20:1). An apparently extraneous word in the text fuels the rabbinic mind in such a way that the tradition enfolds a deeply-held conviction: the Lord’s special love and choice of his daughter Miriam. 1. BT Shabbat 35a 2. Mo’ed Katan 27b-28a 3. English translations often read ‘at the command of the Lord.’ Bibliography: Eskenazi and Weiss, eds. The Torah. A Women's Commentary (New York: WRJ/URJ Press, 2008) © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Click here for the PDF version . Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots ministry that encourages Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights. More... The reflection above refers to Parashat Chukat (Numbers 19:1 - 22:1), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical calendar. Shabbat shalom !

Rebellion in the wilderness is a major theme as the Hebrew Scriptures trace the Israelites’ journey from Egypt to the Promised Land. In Numbers 16:1-35 we encounter a double uprising that challenges the leadership of Moses and the religious authority of Aaron, the High Priest. Read this colourful tale, and its aftermath in 17:1-28. Now Korah, son of Izhar son of Kohath son of Levi, along with Dathan and Abiram sons of Eliab, and On son of Peleth—descendants of Reuben—took two hundred and fifty Israelite men, leaders of the congregation, chosen from the assembly, well-known men, and they confronted Moses (Num.16:1-2). Three obvious protagonists of this rebellion are named as Korah, Dathan and Abiram. However one rebel, On son of Peleth, though named at the start of this story drops out as the narrative proceeds. By the time we come to the disastrous fate of the rebels, On is nowhere mentioned. On and his family escape a terrible ending. But how might we explain this? In 16:1 On is named as one of four rebels out of 250 ‘well-known’ Israelite leaders, so he must have been notably committed to their cause. What became of him? Was he forcibly or willingly excluded? Did he make a heroic decision to leave the rebel group? If so, why? And who exerted influence on him? Our questions lead us to reflect on the decisions, circumstances and influences that can take a person towards or away from wrongdoing and disaster on the one hand, and salvation on the other. As you discuss this rebellion story, ponder the significance of the figure of On. Turning to traditional Jewish interpretations of this text we find that the Rabbis of old have preserved a perspective which honours On’s wife as having saved her husband from the pursuit of disaster. According to one storytelling tradition (midrash),1 On’s wife tells her husband that he has nothing to gain from an alliance with Korah: ‘Whether Moses remains master or Korah becomes master, you are but a follower.’ ‘But what can I do?’ says On. ‘Korah’s band has sworn me to be with them.’ ‘Sit here and I will save you,’ replies his wife. Her plan is clever and pragmatic. She gets him drunk, puts him to bed, and then she herself sits outside their tent in an immodest and dishevelled state. As Korah’s band comes looking for On, they retreat at the sight of her immodesty. By the time On emerges, Korach and his company have already paid the terrible price for their folly. In conclusion, the Rabbis quote Proverbs 14:1: “The wise woman builds her house, but the foolish tears it down with her own hands.” The ‘wise woman’ refers to On’s wife, they say, whereas the rest of the verse refers to Korah’s wife who advised her husband very differently. How does this midrashic view compare with your reflections on the presence and absence of On? Perhaps you observed that, at first glance, On’s wife appears to be driven by pragmatism rather than by virtue or principle. Yet some commentators suggest a different view. She displays a strong character. She can stand up to and oppose the rebellion, whereas her husband seems to be captive to ‘the group.’ She is selfless and proactive, trusting her instincts to protect her family, not caring about how others see her but focused on what she can do to fix the situation, or at least to make it better. Continue to explore this text, attending to other insightful interpretations. • 1. TB San. 109b. Num.R. 18: 20 To read the midrash visit: http://www.come-and-hear.com/sanhedrin/sanhedrin_109.html#PARTb Bibliography. Freedman and Simon, eds., Midrash Rabbah: Numbers Vol 2 (New York: Soncino, 1983); Kadari, ‘Wife of On Ben Pelet: Midrash and Aggadah.’ Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encylopedia . 1 March 2009. www.jwa.org . Scripture: NRSV. © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots ministry, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights. More...   The reflection above refers to Parashat Korach (Numbers 16:1 - 18:32), the Torah portion read as part of the annual Jewish liturgical cycle.

Have you ever faced a critical decision where the way forward was unclear, risky, and the stakes high? Yet everything in your life had brought you to this moment. What did you do? Forge ahead or turn back? This is the scene that confronts the Israelites in Numbers 13 as they stand at the edge of Canaan, ready to re-enter the promised land after years of slavery. Moses, Joshua and Caleb—convinced that G-d is with them—are ready to go forward. But the people are not, swayed by the warnings of the anxious scouts. Like Caleb and Joshua the other scouts have just returned from a reconnaissance mission in Canaan; yet their assessment of the evidence is very different. In Jewish tradition the behaviour of these scouts comes under tough scrutiny for their failure in moral leadership. To appreciate this strong judgement we need to be attuned to the Jewish way of reading Torah, attentive to the details of the text such as apparently extraneous inclusions, use of particular names, and other details. Read the story in Numbers chapters 13-14. Then let’s explore some of the details that the sages have interpreted. Note the amount of space given to identifying the names and tribes of the scouts... Is this listing really necessary? Couldn’t it be omitted? But as the Jewish sages teach us, everything in the Torah is there for a divine reason. How would you interpret the inclusion of vv.3-15? Perhaps you notice how these verses underscore a detail already mentioned in v.2, that the men chosen for the task are not just ordinary scouts, they are important tribal leaders. Their task is not simply to collect data but to make sound judgments based on the evidence. This is why their unfavourable report is so distressing. Their preoccupation with negativity and the chance of failure means that their people are left without hope. Unlike Caleb and Joshua, they give in to their fears, and their assessment of the situation ignores any role for G-d. At a critical moment they fail to act as responsible leaders. Note, too, the significance of the name Hebron (13:22). It is the place associated with the story of Abraham. It is where the patriarchs and matriarchs are buried. Hebron offers a powerful symbol of the Israelites’ return home. Yet, absorbed by their own fears, the scouts misread a sign vital to the salvation story of their people. Rather than seeing a place to begin a new life, Hebron becomes a reason to retreat to slavery. Before a fragile audience, the scouts describe the land’s inhabitants as ‘giants’ and themselves as grasshoppers “in their eyes” (13:33). To this latter point a rabbinic observer makes the ironic comment, “And how would they know this?” [TB Sotah 35a]. It was appear that their fraudulent report is not based on measurable evidence but is the result of a faithless insecurity complex. The people are inconsolable. Read how they complain to Moses and Aaron in 14:2-4: “If only we had died in the land of Egypt! Or in this wilderness, if only we had died!” Their negativity spirals out of control. What might have begun as understandable fear becomes regret for the Exodus, for the signs and wonders performed in the desert, for the divine revelation... all these had not been worth it. Their whining moves to a critical stage of no return: “Let’s appoint a chief and go back to Egypt!” (14:4). In their readiness to turn their back on the promised land and head for a place of slavery and false gods, the sages detect not only a loss of heart but a practical plan that is nothing less than the path to idolatry. Reflection: Rabbinic interpretations highlight how small steps can lead to increasingly grave choices and life orientations. Reflect on this in the light of important ‘crossroad’ moments in your own life and in the life of your faith community. Some forms of anxiety reflect serious mental health conditions with complex causes. Other (milder) forms are a normal part of human experience and we have a responsibility to not 'feed' them, lest they become more than they are. Discuss in light of the story of the scouts. Reflect upon the 'lessons for leadership' that emerge from the story of the scouts. *** Bibliography: Friedman, Commentary on the Torah (New York, 2011); Leibowitz, Studies in Bamidbar (New York: Lambda, n.p.d.). Scripture translation: Friedman. Image: Shutterstock via Wix. © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net . This article can be reproduced for non-commercial purposes with acknowledgement of website. For the PDF version click here . Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots initiative, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights. More... The reflection above refers to Parashat Shelach Lecha (Numbers 13:1 - 15:41), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !

In order to assist Moses in the heavy task of leadership, the Lord instructs him (in Numbers 11:16-30) to gather seventy elders around the Tent of Meeting. There the Lord comes down in a cloud, speaks to Moses, draws upon the spirit resting on Moses and imparts it to the seventy elders. The seventy then prophesy. "When the spirit rested upon them, they prophesied” (v.25). But something unexpected happens. Two men who are not part of the select group also have the spirit rest on them, and they begin prophesying! Note the reaction of Joshua, and then ponder the response of Moses. And a young man ran and told Moses, “Eldad and Medad are prophesying in the camp.” And Joshua son of Nun, the assistant of Moses, one of his chosen men, said, “My lord Moses, stop them!” But Moses said to him, "Are you jealous for my sake? Would that all the Lord’s people were prophets, and that the Lord would put his spirit on them!" (Numbers 11:27-29) Note how Moses reacts to the unexpected prophesying of Eldad and Medad, neither of whom have been officially commissioned. What do you make of this scene? What is going on here, and what is God's word trying to teach us? As we ponder this Scripture story, let's hear from some of the voices of Jewish tradition: [1] Isaac Arama, a 15th century Talmudic scholar, [2] views this incident as an example of Moses withstanding the test of jealousy. There is a Talmudic text that says: “A person may become envious of anyone else, except of his child or his disciple.” (San. 105b). Arama points out that Moses’ humility goes a step further. He does not envy those who were his disciples; in fact, Moses earnestly desires that all the people of God should be prophets, and that the Almighty’s spirit should be bestowed upon them without Moses’ authoritative involvement. For many people, this event would arouse jealousy; yet Moses did not display jealousy. So, what do you make of Arama’s view? Do you agree with it? Is there anything you wish to add, or to debate? Do you agree with Arama's view? Is there anything you wish to add, or to debate? For instance, notice how this passage follows on from the previous story of the people’s complaints about the lack of meat. Could it be that what we see in Moses is not a display of heroic humility, but rather the fatigue of a leader worn down by an argumentative community? Upon hearing of two more people who are not responding to his leadership, perhaps he just hasn’t the energy to take it up! In which case his response to Joshua could be interpreted as either sarcasm, or as a plea to “leave them be (and me as well!).” Not surprisingly, this interpretation does not find traction in the tradition. In fact, as the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber [3] has pointed out, a tiny detail in the text gives rise to an even stronger affirmation of Arama’s view. While the report is that two men are prophesying , Moses replies using not the verb but the noun. “Would that all the Lord’s people were prophets .” In other words, Moses is not referring to a fleeting instance of the prophetic urge; rather he is expressing a desire that all should attain the permanent status of prophet, a status which, as he knows from his own experience, involves direct communion with God. From Moses’ example, we might conclude, as does Hirsch (19th century Jewish commentator): [4] “We are shown that there is no monopoly on spiritual leadership... The lowliest of the nation shares with the highest the opportunity of being granted divine inspiration.” How do you enter this Torah conversation? What details of the text affect your interpretation? What links do you find with other parts of Scripture? For instance, in the voice of the prophet Joel, we read: “Then afterward I will pour out my spirit on all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions. Even on the male and female slaves, in those days, I will pour out my spirit.” (Joel 2:28-29). Notes: Assisted by the work of Nehama Leibowitz (1905-1997), renowned Torah teacher in 20th century Israel. Isaac Arama (1420-1494) Spanish Talmudic scholar. Martin Buber, (1878-1965) Jewish philosopher, born in Austria, lived in Germany and Israel. Shimshon Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888) German-Jewish rabbinical leader. Bibliography: Leibowitz, Studies in Bamidbar (New York, n.p.d.). Scripture: NRSV. © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Download the PDF version . Light of Torah is a grassroots work based in Australia, encouraging Christians to reflect on the Hebrew Scriptures with the help of Jewish insights. More... The reflection above refers to Parashat B'haalot'cha (Numbers 8:1 - 12:16), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !

When you come into the land of Canaan, which I give you for a possession, and I put a leprous disease in a house in the land of your possession, the owner of the house shall come and tell the priest, saying, “There seems to me to be some sort of disease in my house.”  (Lev. 14:34-35) In the Hebrew Scriptures the term tzara’at  can refer to a variety of skin ailments (translated in various ways, e.g., ‘scaly skin’, ‘leprosy’). To the biblical mind it is not just a disease; it is associated with divine displeasure. It smites like a plague (Hebrew: nega ) and causes ritual defilement that calls for a process of purification. Which brings us to our focus for this week’s Torah portion, Leviticus 14:33-35. Here we find a great example of the creative genius of traditional Jewish approaches to the Bible, and how the sages are able to draw moral lessons from a single word or letter of the sacred text. One traditional interpretive approach has been to ponder the similarity of the Hebrew words m’tzora  (‘leper’) and motzi ra  (‘slanderer’). Thus, over time, this section of the Torah became an opportunity for Jewish rabbis to preach against the evils of gossip, slander and the misuse of speech to denigrate, hurt and destroy. This section of the Torah became an opportunity for Jewish rabbis to preach against the evils of gossip, slander, and the misuse of speech to denigrate, hurt and destroy. When I was growing up, the popular wisdom passed on to children was: 'Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never hurt me .' This saying was well-intended, to encourage inner resilience in children in the face of playground bullies. However, the actual content of the saying is questionable. As we know, nasty name-calling does indeed hurt, and can even destroy. Words aimed at humiliating or denigrating another human being diminishes not only the victim, but the perpetrator and the wider community as well. In a social media age, that harm is magnified beyond compare. Further, as the history of antisemitism has shown time and again, violent words lead to violent actions. Whether it be Christians defaming Jews as ‘Christ-killers’, Nazi propaganda depicting Jews as ‘parasites’, or masked extremists and student protesters hurling abuse such as ‘Zionist scum’, hateful speech patterns - whether framed in religious, racial or political terms - have given rise to terrible acts of violence against Jews. Antisemitism, ‘the world’s oldest hatred’, can surely be thought of as a ‘plague’, as can the propensity for all forms of prejudice, racism and bigotry. It is fitting that this point come to mind today in the light of rabbinic interpretation of Leviticus 14:34-35. Observes Rabbi Jonathan Sacks : “What an astonishing insight it was to see leprosy – that disfiguring disease – as a symbol and symptom of evil speech. For we truly are disfigured when we use words to condemn, not communicate; to close rather than open minds; when we use language as a weapon and wield it brutally. The message of Metzora [this week’s Torah portion] remains. Linguistic violence is no less savage than physical violence, and those who afflict others are themselves afflicted. Words wound. Insults injure. Evil speech destroys communities. Language is God’s greatest gift to humankind and it must be guarded if it is to heal, not harm.” •   Bibliography: Leibowitz, New Studies in Vayikra , (Jerusalem,1993); Plaut, The Torah. A Modern Commentary  (New York, 2006). Sacks, ‘The Plague of Evil Speech’,   Covenant & Conversation – Studies in Spirituality , Metzora , online Torah commentaries, 2007, 2015. Scripture: NRSV . © Teresa Pirola, 2 012, 2025. lightoftorah.net    Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots work, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights . More...    The reflection above refers to this week's double Torah portion, Parashat Tazria-Metzora (Leviticus 12:1 - 15:33), read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !

As Jewish communities prepare to celebrate the Passover festival, commencing at sundown on 12 April 2025, Light of Torah shares this reflection from its archives with Christian readers. Exodus chapters 10-13 tell of dramatic events. Three more plagues exhibit the power of the Lord. The tug-of-war continues between Pharaoh and Moses, God’s agent. The Passover ritual is prescribed and the greatest event takes place: the Israelites are liberated from Egypt! Amidst all this breathtaking activity our chosen text for reflection is brief: just one verse: 12:42. “That was for the Lord a night of vigil to bring them out of the land of Egypt; that same night is the Lord’s, one of vigil for all the children of Israel throughout the ages” (12:42). In his commentary, the 11th century Torah scholar Rashi says: “It is a night of keepings... For the Holy One, Blessed is He, was keeping it in mind and looking forward to it in order to fulfil His promise to take them out of the land of Egypt.” Spend some time pondering the detail of the Torah verse (e.g., repetition, time of day, context), as well as Rashi’s comment. Does the sacred text speak to you? How? The verse is powerfully understated. It immediately follows a statement about the length of time (430 years) that the Israelites had spent in Egypt... until this night. Can’t we all point to a moment when our lives underwent irrevocable change. Think of ‘a night’ (literally or figuratively) when God’s liberating love entered your life, changing you forever. As we enter the Exodus story, can we sense the intimacy between God and the Hebrews as communicated by this single verse? On this night the Lord watches over his people, thus will the people always remember this night which belongs to the Lord. Because it is precious to the Lord, it remains precious to his people. Continue to ponder this verse, sharing your insights and questions. God‘s people are safeguarded, and God’s special night is kept holy in return. This ancient text finds perennial ritual expression in the seder meal held in Jewish homes at Passover. From generation to generation the seder ritual commemorates the Exodus event and is central to the Jewish Passover festival . A Talmudic interpretation describes Passover as “a night ever under protection from malevolent beings.” [1] This text carries tragic irony when we recall that there was a time in the Middle Ages when the commemoration of ‘this night’ of the Lord’s watch was a night when Jewish populations were least protected by the surrounding Christian culture. Christian passion plays were known to stir up hatred towards the so-called ‘Christ-killers’ to the point of violence inflicted upon local Jews. The hysteria was also fuelled by a bizarre accusation that Jews were using the blood of Christian children in their Passover meal (the ‘blood libel’). It is painful for Christians to hear this chapter of their history, yet it is all part of coming to terms with the past (and its subtle, lingering influence in the present), and embracing the new era of reconciliation between Christians and Jews ushered in by the Second Vatican Council. *** 1. Pes. 109b, RH 11b quoted in JPS Torah Commentary. Bibliography: Larsson, Bound for Freedom (Mass., 1999); Sarna, JPS Torah Commentary (Philadelphia, 1991); Scherman, Zlotowitz, eds., Rashi: Commentary on the Torah (New York: Mesorah, 1999). Scripture: JPS. © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net. Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of website. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots work, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights . More...    The reflection above refers to the Exodus 12:42 and relates to the celebration of the Jewish Passover which this year commences at sundown on 12 April 2025. We wish Jewish friends Chag Sameach!

As we open the Book of Leviticus, also known as ‘Vayikra’ (Hb: ‘And he called’), we find not a series of action-packed stories, but a series of laws or instructions unveiled to the Israelites gathered at Mt Sinai: how to worship, how to behave, how to deal with transgressions. Through a system of order and repetitive ritual, the identity of Israel, as G-d’s holy, chosen people, is solidified. Chapter 4 of Leviticus describes a particular kind of sacrifice, the chatat  offering or ‘sin-offering’, applying to unintended violations of ethical or ritual prohibitions. The ritual is carried out in four different ways, depending on the role or status of the sinner – namely, whether it is a priest, a representative body of the community, a chieftain (leader), or an ordinary individual. Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks , following the interpretative searchings of Jewish tradition, notes a curious anomaly in the way the four categories are treated in the Torah. In three of the four categories, the text prefaces the law by using the Hebrew word im  (‘if’): “ If  the priest sins…”, “ If  the community leadership sins…”, “ If  an individual sins…”. However, when it comes to the chieftain/leader, it uses a different word, asher  (‘when’)” “ When  a leader sins…” Note that the Hebrew word for leader/chieftain here is nasi , which usually refers to someone who rules with political power, such as a king or community elder (unlike a religious authority or prophet). The Torah seems to be saying that while priests, people and community bodies might  sin, it can be presumed that the leader will  sin. What do you make of this curious detail? Read and ponder chapter 4. Talk it over with a friend or study partner. Why would the Torah single out this form of leadership as being particularly vulnerable to doing the wrong thing? Why would the Torah single out this form of leadership as being particularly vulnerable to doing the wrong thing? This question, prompted by the biblical text, fuels the interpretative and creative energies of the sages and we find a number of different reasons offered in Jewish tradition. Here we mention three, as unpacked by Jonathan Sacks. First, those who have political power often have greater wealth and influence than others and therefore are more likely to be corrupted by that wealth and power. (This is the opinion of the Italian Torah commentator Rabbi Ovadiah Sforno, d. 1549) Second, whereas priests are regularly in contact with the realm of the sacred, leaders are constantly dealing in secular affairs and therefore more easily swayed by what is politically expedient rather than what is holy. (See the work of German-born French Torah commentator Rabbi Elie Munk, d. 1981) Third, leaders with political power rely on popular support in a way that priests and individuals don’t, and can be swayed by what people want rather than what G-d is asking. (This is the opinion of Meir Simcha ha-Cohen of Dvinsk, Eastern Europe, d. 1926) Sacks cites other opinions and explanations too. Explore them in his commentary and compare them with your own insights and searchings into this fascinating topic. Sacks offers a profound conclusion to his discussion. Rather than leave us viewing political leaders in a poor light or tsk tsking at the sins of others, he notes that the Jewish approach to leadership deftly holds together both realism and idealism. From the perspective of this Torah passage, we can say that leaders - who bear a heavy burden of responsibility and are often dealing with impossibly complex circumstances - are not expected to always get it right, but what matters is that they admit mistakes and are responsive to prophetic critique that keeps calling them back to transcendent standards. One particular rabbinic interpretation sums up with a word-play on asher  (‘when’) and a similar sounding Hebrew word, ashrei  (‘happy’): “Happy is the generation whose leader is willing to bring a sin offering for their mistakes.” ***   Bibliography: Jonathan Sacks, “The Sins of a Leader” in Covenant and Conversation. A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible. Leviticus: The Book of Holiness.  Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2015 https://rabbisacks.org/covenant-conversation/vayikra/the-sins-of-a-leader/   © Teresa Pirola, 2025. lightoftorah.net . Reproduction for non-commercial purposes permitted with acknowledgement of Light of Torah website. Download the PDF version. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots work, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights . More...    The reflection above refers to Parashat Vayjkra (Leviticus 1:1 - 5:26), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !

Many Christians find it intimidating to read those parts of their Old Testament that are filled with repetitive ritual detail. The temptation is to flee to the familiar sounds and images of the Gospel stories! Yet, to give up too easily is to never discover the sacred scriptural foundations upon which the New Testament depends. For a biblically rich life, it is important to step out of one's comfort zone and to work on our interpretative muscles. In Jewish tradition we find talented coaches to assist our understanding of Scripture. Generations of sages are powerful guides when it comes to patient, inquisitive, creative reading of Torah. Let’s explore, for example, the final chapters of the Book of Exodus: 38:21 - 40:38. It is now one year after the Israelites came out of Egypt, and the Israelites are completing an inventory of the materials which have gone into making the components required for the Tabernacle (the portable shrine which represents the presence of the Lord who dwells among them). When the Tabernacle is erected, it will be filled with the divine presence. Read these chapters at a leisurely pace.  It takes about 13 minutes. Set aside time for this. Read aloud. Resist the urge to skim the text. Sink yourself into G-d’s word, attentive to its rhythms and repetitions (which are integral to oral storytelling traditions).  How do the intricate descriptions of material items play on your thought patterns? Do you notice the colours of those yarns, the name of each precious stone...? Does any detail in particular catch your attention? If so, why? In the detail can you taste the immense importance and effort of building the Tabernacle? Does it remind you of a great work in your own life involving countless details? "As the Lord had commanded Moses.”   This phrase, like a drumbeat, punctuates the text 18 times. What is the effect of this repetition? At no place are we allowed to forget that it is the Lord’s desire and design that underlies all this complex human activity.  The drumbeat keeps us focused on what is essential. It is a beat that we need to hear in our 21st century world. Our lives are filled with activity; perhaps activity of great importance. Yet to what avail are our efforts if we become lost in the detail, losing sight of fidelity to the Lord’s desires and commands? The Bible’s drumbeat anchors the rhythms of our daily work. What else do you notice in the text? While the Israelites (i.e., all the people) bring the completed components to Moses, he (Moses) puts them all together. Puzzled? Why would this collective effort suddenly become a one-man task? According to the midrash, none of the Israelites knew how to assemble the pieces. “So what did they do? Each took his finished piece of work to Moses, saying: ‘here are the boards, here are the bolts’; and as soon as Moses beheld them, the Holy Spirit settled upon him and he set the Tabernacle up. You must not say that it was Moses who set it up, for miracles were performed with it and it rose of its own accord.” [Exodus Rabbah 52, 4] See how the midrash invites us to ponder a human effort from a spiritual perspective. Even a construction site is permeated by divine presence. A structural task is worthy of the language of miracles! We are reminded that the Lord is deeply involved with his people, with their work of service in creating the Tabernacle, and with Moses, a faithful servant who is especially close to the Lord. In what way is the Torah is speaking to your own life? Perhaps you are recalling where you saw God’s hand at work, or pondering your efforts to stay focused on the Lord amidst activity. Continue to ponder this ancient text with an open mind and heart. • *** Bibliography: Etz Hayim  (New York: JPS, 2001); Fox, The Five Books of Moses  (New York, 1995); Freedman & Simon, eds., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus  (New York, 1983). Scripture: JPS. Photo: Shutterstock, via Wix. © Teresa Pirola, 2013 Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of Light of Torah website. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots work, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights . More...    The reflection above refers to Parashat Pekudei (Exodus 38:21 - 40:38), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !

Given the frenetic and overwhelming pace of modern life, it might seem obvious to point out the importance of rest and ‘time-out’ for the refreshment of the human body and spirit. But it is interesting to revisit this insight from the perspective of the Hebrew Scriptures: Six days shall work be done, but on the seventh day you shall have a holy Sabbath of solemn rest to the Lord; whoever does any work on it shall be put to death. You shall kindle no fire in all your dwellings on the Sabbath day. (Exodus 35:2-3) In the Exodus narrative, these verses appear as part of the Israelites’ struggles in the wilderness. Having just survived the crisis of the Golden Calf, the story returns to the construction of the Tabernacle. At God’s detailed direction through Moses, the people build a portable shrine. Just before the building instructions, God reminds the people to keep holy the Sabbath in the words quoted above (35:2-3). What is the significance of the placing of these verses? This question has intrigued generations of Jewish sages who have creatively interpreted this text. Let’s listen to some of those voices here. The sages note that the command to keep holy the Sabbath has already been given in the book of Exodus (20:10; 23:12; 31:15; 34:21). Why repeat it here? We know from the story so far that the people have sinned, repented and are ready to set themselves to the sacred work of building the Tabernacle. The Tabernacle signifies God’s presence among the people of Israel. One could be forgiven for thinking that a work of such sacred value would be more important than the inactivity of resting on the Sabbath. And this, say the Rabbis, is exactly why the Sabbath commandment is repeated here: to insist that even the work of building the Tabernacle is not to interfere with the holiness of Sabbath rest.1 Why is the Sabbath so important? Says Abraham Joshua Heschel,2 one of the most distinguished words in the Bible is the Hebrew kadosh (‘holy’). What was the first holy thing in the history of the world? A mountain? An altar? Rather, a day. And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy (Genesis 2:3). In the Bible, holiness in time is what comes first, over places and objects. When we give this time to God, our priorities find their proper order. Sabbath observance prevents us from becoming enslaved to the things and activities of this world. In the midrash (storytelling traditions of Judaism) we hear the people of Israel say to God: ‘The kings of the pagans have their palaces and altars, candlesticks and other royal trappings. Should not You, our King, possess the same royal trappings?’ God answers: ‘Human beings require these trappings but I, who created and give light to the whole world, have no need. But, if you feel that you need them, by all means make them, but make them according to my designs...’ 3 In other words, there is a distinction in the biblical text: at Israel’s insistence holiness was applied to a place; but the holiness of time was pronounced by God at the beginning of the world. It was Moses who sanctified the Tabernacle when it was completed (see Numbers 7:1-2), but it was God who sanctified the Sabbath. And what are we to make of this verse: Whoever does any work on [the Sabbath] shall be put to death (Exodus 35:2)? Let’s consider the ‘deathly’ effects of not heeding Sabbath rest: burn-out, lack of energy, susceptibility to illness or accident, alienation from loved ones. We pass a ‘death sentence’ on our own divinely-imaged identity when we don’t imitate God’s example of sanctifying rest. Put another way, to live life to the full we need to work with, and not against, the rhythms of life and love as designed by our Creator God. This insight, handed down to us in the Hebrew Scriptures, finds marvellous witness in the Sabbath traditions of the Jewish people today. *** 1. See Nehama Leibowitz, New Studies in Shemot (New York, 1996). 2. Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Sabbath (New York, 1951). Heschel was a leading Jewish theologian of the 20th century. 3. A paraphrase of Midrash Aggada: Terumah; see Leibowitz, New Studies in Shemot , 658. Scripture: NRSV. © Teresa Pirola, 2012. lightoftorah.net Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of the Light of Torah website. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots work, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights . More...    The reflection above refers to Parashat Vayakheil (Exodus 35:1 - 38:20), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !

The story of the rebellion at Mt Sinai, where the Israelites erect a golden calf (Exodus 32:1-6), raises an interesting question: Up until this point the Israelites had witnessed miracle after miracle at the hand of God who had delivered them from Egypt. Having been lifted so high, how could they fall from grace so suddenly, embracing pagan idolatry in the blink of an eye? This question intrigued the sages. Let’s join in the discussion of Jewish commentators. When the people saw that Moses delayed to come down from the mountain, the people gathered around Aaron, and said to him, “Come, make gods for us, who shall go before us; as for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we do not know what has become of him.”  (Exodus 32:1) Read 32:1 carefully, and consider this: Was the Israelites’ sin really idolatry? Are the people trying to replace God or simply looking for a visual symbol to sustain their faith in God at a time of insecurity? Moses, after all, has been gone a long time. Yes, he is up the mountain communing with God, but if he is any kind of responsible leader shouldn’t he be back by now? The sages note that the Hebrew word boshesh , ‘delayed’ (32:1), can be translated as ‘shamefully-late’. Fuelled by the Oral Tradition of Judaism, some commentators say that the people were seeking not another god but rather another leader like Moses. Others say that the real sin of the people was their attempt to devise their own prescriptions for worship rather than wait for Moses to come back with a list of God’s explicit wishes. Yet other sources do not support this view: Psalm 106:20 ( “They exchanged their glory for the image of a bull that feeds on grass” ) plainly describes idolatry. So too does the Talmud: “By worshipping the calf the Israelites indicated that they accepted idolatry.”[1]   Rashi [2] seems to agree: “They desired many gods.” But if their sin was idolatry, we are back to our original question: how could a people raised so high, fall so far? Perhaps the answer is not so hard to find when we reflect on the fact that any kind of lasting transformation of character takes time. A dramatic conversion or miracle may begin the process, but lasting transformation only comes through persistent application of beliefs and principles in the crucible of daily living. It involves the “inevitability of gradualness” says Maimonides. [3] Having been reared in slavery, the Israelites were hardly capable of rising up with the strength to fight giants. “God in his wisdom contrived that they wander in the wilderness till they had become schooled in courage, since it is well known that physical hardships toughen and the converse produce faintheartedness.”[4] Table topic : Think of other biblical stories where a person or community of apparently invincible faith was suddenly shown to be morally weak? (E.g., King David.) Why are these stories important to us? Journal topic : Draw a timeline tracing your own journey to maturity; e.g., as a man/woman, as a spouse/parent, as a committed person of faith, etc. Highlight the ‘character building’ events of progress and setback, success and failure. Is there a ‘golden calf’ moment marked on your timeline? 1. Avodah Zarah 53b.  2. Rashi: revered medieval scholar  3. Maimonides: 12th C., great post-Talmudic authority on Judaism. 4. Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed , quoted by Leibowitz, 555. Bibliography: Fox, The Five Books of Moses  (New York, 1995); Freedman & Simon, eds., Midrash Rabbah (London/New York, 1983); Leibowitz, New Studies in Shemot  (New York, 1996). © Teresa Pirola, 2013. lightoftorah.net   Reproduction for non-commercial use permitted with acknowledgement of the Light of Torah website. Light of Torah is a Sydney-based grassroots work, encouraging Christians to reflect on Torah with the help of Jewish insights . More...    The reflection above refers to Parashat Ki Tisa (Exodus 30:11 - 34:35), the Torah portion read for this Sabbath in the Jewish liturgical cycle. Shabbat shalom !